In the labyrinth of global politics, a famous quote attributed to William Clay, the long-serving first African American representative from Missouri, eternally resonates: “This is quite a game, politics. There are no permanent enemies, and no permanent friends, only permanent interests.” India’s evolving relationship with Afghanistan’s Taliban-led government epitomizes this axiom, as geopolitical realities compel a nuanced recalibration of ties. This diplomatic choreography, fraught with challenges, highlights India’s commitment to its strategic interests in Afghanistan despite the shifting sands of regional geopolitics.
India and Afghanistan’s ties have deep historical roots, stretching back centuries through cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. In modern times, these bonds were reinvigorated during the presidency of Hamid Karzai when India emerged as one of Afghanistan’s most steadfast allies. India poured nearly $10 billion into Afghanistan, building its parliament, establishing educational and healthcare infrastructure, and funding critical power and transportation projects — symbols of enduring camaraderie. Afghanistan’s inclusion in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) bore New Delhi’s diplomatic imprint, further cementing its role as a partner in progress.
Yet, geopolitical turmoil has often tested these bonds. The Soviet occupation (1979–1989), the U.S.-led invasion in 2001, and the Taliban’s resurgence in 2021 have repeatedly thrown Afghanistan into turmoil. Through these upheavals, India maintained a pragmatic approach, engaging with various regimes to protect its interests. The chaotic U.S. withdrawal in August 2021 created a power vacuum, enabling China and Pakistan to increase their influence—a development that New Delhi could ill afford to ignore.
Strategic Recalibration
India’s cautious engagement with the Taliban underscores its realpolitik. Despite being excluded from U.S.-brokered mediation talks, India quietly cultivated contacts with Taliban officials. This persistence paid off when Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri recently met Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi. The discussions indicated a mutual willingness to strengthen ties, particularly on issues of security and development.
Afghanistan’s assurance that its soil would not be used for anti-India activities was a key outcome of these talks. This commitment is critical for India, given the long-standing nexus between the Taliban and Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). With tensions simmering between Afghanistan and Pakistan over border clashes, India finds a window to counter Islamabad’s influence while reinforcing its own security imperatives, particularly concerning Jammu and Kashmir.
Beyond security, Afghanistan’s untapped natural resources represent a strategic prize. China’s aggressive entry into the Afghan landscape poses a significant challenge. Through its Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing seeks to dominate Afghanistan’s mineral wealth, from rare earths to lithium—resources crucial for the global energy transition. India must bolster its economic engagement to counterbalance China’s ambitions.
New Delhi’s infrastructure projects in Afghanistan are not merely altruistic; they are vital to reducing Kabul’s dependence on Pakistan for trade access. By developing alternative routes to Central Asia, India envisions a corridor of connectivity that bypasses its adversaries while opening new energy markets. However, the Taliban’s outreach to other regional powers, including Russia and Iran, complicates this calculus, demanding deft diplomacy from New Delhi.
Soft Power
India’s influence in Afghanistan extends beyond bricks and mortar. Through education, healthcare, and cultural diplomacy, India has built reservoirs of goodwill. Thousands of Afghan students have studied in Indian universities, while patients from Afghanistan frequently seek medical treatment in Indian hospitals. Bollywood, too, has left an indelible mark, creating a cultural bridge that fosters mutual affinity.
This soft power has given India an edge over Western nations, whose presence in Afghanistan is often viewed with suspicion. As security dynamics evolve, India must leverage this goodwill to maintain its foothold and counter growing Chinese and Pakistani influence.
Afghanistan’s turbulent past offers cautionary tales. The Soviet Union’s misadventures and America’s hasty exit underscore the perils of overreach and underestimation. India must tread carefully, avoiding the mistakes of its predecessors while charting a course that prioritizes Afghan stability and self-reliance.
As ancient Indian strategist Chanakya wisely noted: “Learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t live long enough to make them all yourselves.” This principle should guide India’s approach, emphasizing patience, pragmatism, and partnerships.
India’s engagement with Afghanistan is not merely about bilateral ties but a linchpin for regional stability. A peaceful Afghanistan can serve as a bulwark against terrorism, a hub for trade, and a bridge to Central Asia. Conversely, an unstable Afghanistan risks becoming a breeding ground for extremism, undermining security across South Asia.
The stakes are high, and the path ahead is fraught with challenges. But India’s commitment to Afghanistan, rooted in shared history and strategic necessity, remains unwavering. As New Delhi deepens its engagement with Kabul, it must navigate this complex relationship with the deftness of a chess master, always keeping its long-term interests in sight.
In the grand game of politics, there are no permanent victories, only enduring strategies. India’s relationship with Afghanistan is a microcosm of its broader foreign policy challenges—a balancing act between ideals and interests, between history and modernity. In the ever-shifting sands of Afghanistan, India’s steady and pragmatic approach may well be its most potent weapon.
(The author is a retired Indian Naval Aviation Officer and a geo-political analyst. Views Personal.)
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