The use of dental science in legal proceedings, or “forensic odontology,” is a branch of forensic science that uses dental science to identify deceased individuals in legal proceedings. It involves comparing ante- and post-mortem records to identify individuals, aiding in mass catastrophes, criminal investigations, ethnic studies, and corpse decomposition. Forensic anthropologists create a comprehensive postmortem record, adding details like ancestry, age, and sex. Accurate dental records are crucial for patient care and medicolegal obligations.
Forensic odontology has roots dating back to ancient times, with notable instances of dental identification dating back to 66 A.D. A historical case involved Nero’s wife being identified by her distinctive black anterior teeth. The formal recognition of forensic odontology began in the 19th century with the Webster-Parkman case in 1849 in the United States. Dr. Oscar Amoeda is often referred to as, the “father of forensic odontology” for his work in identifying Paris fire victims using dental records. Forensic identification in India began in 1193 with the murder of Jai Chand. In 1776, dentist Paul Revere fabricated a small denture to identify Dr. Joseph Waren, allowing him to be buried with military honour.
Forensic odontology played a significant role in criminal investigations, such as the 2013 Delhi Gang Rape Case known as the Nirbhaya case, where dental forensics provided critical evidence against the accused. The dentist compared the arrangement of teeth with the bite mark left on the victim, leading to the arrest of six men, including a juvenile. In the 2014 murder of a child in Mumbai, dental records were used to identify the dismembered victim, emphasising the importance of dental identification in cases involving severe mutilation. In the 2018 Murder of a Young Woman in Telangana, bite mark analysis linked the suspect to the crime scene, leading to a conviction based on dental evidence. Another case where bite marks on victims played a crucial role in the conviction of serial rapist and murderer Umesh Reddy in India.
The Honourable Supreme Court of India has emphasised the significance of forensic odontology as a crucial piece of evidence in criminal investigations. In the Nirbhaya case, the court upheld a death sentence based on corroborative forensic evidence, including bite mark analysis. The court praised the scientific rigour of forensic odontologists, recognising dental records as conclusive proof in cases of decomposition or mutilation.
DNA analysis techniques from dental pulp are becoming more refined, allowing for victim identification in mass disasters and criminal cases. Digital forensics ultilises computer-assisted technologies for dental records and analysing bite marks, which give precise comparisons between antemortem and postmortem dental records, improving the reliability of identifications. Facial reconstruction and tongue print analysis are being explored to enhance identification possibilities in forensic investigations. Additionally, software like ABFO (American Board of Forensic Odontology) scales for bite mark analysis and advanced techniques to match dental records have made significant strides in recent times. Digital tooth reconstruction uses dental socket morphology to replace missing teeth from skeletal remains, with minimal discrepancy between natural and 3D printed teeth, proving identification valid post-mortem.
Forensic Odontology, as a scientific discipline, and its wide scope in criminal investigations in India are yet to be enhanced, and its exposure to law enforcement agencies must be incorporated as part of their training. Some of the eminent forensic odontologists of India include Dr. Ashith B. Acharya (Professor & HOD of Forensic Odontology, SDM College of Dental Science, president-elect of the Indian Association of Forensic Odontology), Dr. Abraham Johnson (Asst. Professor at National Forensic Sciences University, executive committee member, Indian Association of Forensic Odontology, and member of Indo Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology), and many more.
Forensic odontology is an invaluable tool in criminal investigations, offering unique insights into identifying victims and solving cases. Its continued advancement and integration into law enforcement practices promise to enhance justice and accountability in the future.
(Dr. Kumar is a retired IPS officer and forensic consultant to Assam government. Phukan is student of Forensic Science in NFSU, Guwahati. Views personal.)
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